Grid for the phrases’ analysis
LI |
O1 |
O2 |
A1 |
A2 |
UPH |
GPH |
|
banality and inconsistency |
abstract deduction |
moan: “I could have been, but...” “I should have been... but” |
offense, blasphemy and
imprecation |
proverbs, verdicts and
maxims |
popular proverbs |
praise: “how nice” |
|
flattering |
metaphysical and mystic
thinking |
complain and reproach |
slander, detracting and
defamation |
religious and ritualized
invocations |
premonition and omens |
promise |
|
references to state of
things (weigh/volume/ quantity/gross-ness/deteriora-tion)
|
denial that creates a
logical contradiction in front of alien statement |
request and begging |
accusation and denunciation |
quotations |
give or ask for advice |
imitation |
|
hiperrealism |
logical paradoxes |
asking of forgiveness and
excuses |
|
information of facts |
warning “be careful
because...” |
appeal to the listener |
|
accounts |
metalanguage (talking about
language) or equivalent (talking about films, books, etc.) |
references on affective
states |
confessions of doing
something opposed to law or moral |
description of concrete
situations |
questions and statements
about spatial or temporal localization |
showing a desire: “I want to
talk about this” |
|
catharsis |
clue phrase |
references on things states (climatic, objects aging) |
incitement |
conditional imperative
“if...then”, “no... because” |
interruptions in other
person or in oneself discourse |
private oath: “I swear you” |
|
interruptions because of sound
languishing |
interruptions because of
sound languishing |
references to be doing an action |
distortion |
public oath and imposing
obligations |
phrases in suspense |
dramatization |
|
|
references on disturbed
states of the own body |
interruptions (to swallow a word or a syllabi) or interrupting other
person because of impatient feelings |
abusive orders to do
something opposed to the general law |
contract |
pretext |
emphasis and exaggeration |
|
|
|
condolence or commisera-tion |
threats |
orders, indications
according with general law |
gossiping |
nonsense, embellishing,
fantasy lightness |
|
|
|
empathic understanding |
intrusive interruption |
valuation judgements and
critical, linked with moral, cleanness, culture and order |
greetings and other forms to make
contact |
comparison between qualities:
beauty, sympathy |
|
|
|
|
curse: “I wish you die”,
etc. |
justifications of
statements, words and acts |
accompanying other person discourse (m-hm, ajá) |
metaphoric comparison |
|
|
|
|
power
show off |
clarifications |
pet words (eeh, you know) as a sign that the channel is occupied by
the emitting |
question: how |
|
|
|
|
rendering
or admission of defeat |
classification |
ambiguity
and avoidance |
causal
relation in which determinant factor of an effect is the increasing of a
quality (so beauty.. that) |
|
|
|
|
triumphal mockery |
distributive arguments
“each”, “neither... nor” |
minimizers: “a little scared” |
synthetic redundance |
|
|
|
|
boasting |
confirmation (or
rectification) of alien opinion or asking a confirmation or rectification of
owns opinion (consulting) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
syntactic rectification |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ordering: by one side, by
the other side, in first place, in second place, in third place... |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
control of memory, own or of
another person: do you remember? do you understand me? I remember this |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
deduction, conjecture and
concrete inference |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
concrete generalization |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
synthesis |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Introduction / closure of a subject |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
doubts |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
presentation of alternatives
“or.. or” |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
comparing between objective
and hierarchy traits |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
description of the position
in the frame of an order or a social hierarchic |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
causal linking: “x because
y”, “if... then”, or its questioning: “there are no relation between a and b”
, “what does it matter?” |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
objections, adversative
phrases and negation that confront affirmations, exaggeration (“not so much”)
qualifications |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
notations and signaling |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
abbreviations |
|
|
Describe
in the narration
Scenes
Displayed specially in the phrase level (acts
of enunciation).
Note: The scene detected in the phrase level
can be categorized in terms of the scenes of the narration.
The
dictionary has a different utility: don’t allow to detect scenes but words.
Nevertheless, because words and scenes are usually coincident, the dictionary
can be useful too (indirectly) for the study of scenes.
3. Results
The results of those tools for the
research are shown under the form of a specific combination between a group of
prevalent languages and a set of complementary ones. Not always the results of
the three levels of analysis are coincident. Sometimes the differences between
scenes narrates and scenes displayed by the fact of speaking/writing are
relevant. For example, the description of a scene of vengeance (A1) in the
level of narration, can be expressed using an exhibitionist and seductive set
of phrases (GPH). This contradiction (between narration and phrase analysis’
results) have to be solved with an ensemble of hypothesis; for example, the
distinction between enunciate and enunciation, that is, putting the accent on
the relevance of the language as an action, detected in the level of the
phrases.
Other
kind of contradictions appears when contrasting the results of the analysis of
the scenes (narration and phrases) and the results derived from the use of the
computerized dictionary. Usually these differences indicates that certain
language has no space yet as a scene. In this case the researcher can predict
that probably later this other language will emerge in the level of scene too.
For example, someone can describe scenes of vengeance (A1) with dramatic and
seductive phrases (PHG), and in the word level stresses states (affective,
climatic, etc.), that corresponds to O2 language. The researcher can predict
that the speaker will later refers (as a narration or a set of phrases) to the
lost paradise (vale of tears), to the sin, etc.
The results of the research using
DLA can be combined with other ones, using applied to the study of other levels
of analysis on the same texts (social representations, political and/or
ideological investigations, etc).
At the moment DLA was employed in various
research projects:
1)
psychotherapeutic
processes and outcomes (Maldavsky, 1999, 2000, 2002a, 2003, Maldavsky and
Almasia, 2002, Maldavsky et al., 2000)
2)
diagnostic
(Maldavsky, 2003b)
3)
journalist
texts (Maldavsky, 2002a, 2002b, Maldavsky et al. 2002)
4)
literature
(Maldavsky, 2002a)
5)
chatting
interchange (Romano, 2003a, 2003b)
6)
writing
manifestations of Argentinean employees (Plut, 2003)
7)
visual
languages (painters) (Aguirre de Micheli, Bustamante
and Maldavsky, 2003)
8)
TV
advertising spots (Amon, 1994)
9)
films
(Maldavsky, 2000)
10)
the food and the food way (Amon, 2003)
11)
symbolic richness (Alvarez, 2002)
II. On the DLA dictionary
1. Construction of the dictionary
The
dictionary contents several archives composed by words. Each group of words is
supposed an expression of a specific concept. In consequence, the first step of
the construction of a dictionary is deciding which are the concepts to be
detected in the text. That decision demands to take in account some theoretical
terms that finally were expressed as concepts. Those concepts are the variables
to be investigated with the dictionary. Each concept have to be differentiated
clearly from the other ones and defined in its specificity and delimitation.
The DLA dictionary has a criterion for gathering words: the same used for
constructing the grids of the scenes.
The second step is to define the
strategy for collecting the words to be gathered in each group. Usually the
dictionaries are constructed given only one semantic value to each word; that
is, a word is an expression of only one concept. Linguistic researchers
criticisms claims that this solution have the risk of mutilating the
multiplicity of meanings of each word. DLA dictionary tries to answer to this criticism
allowing that each word can be considered as an expression of more than only
one concept (eroticism). For each word three concepts are the maximum of
options accepted. This decision (more of only one meaning for each word)
demands a sophistication of the function of the DLA dictionary. Almost all the
dictionaries has only an automatic functioning. The DLA has too an interactive
one. The interactive employ of the dictionary allows the researcher to select
one, two or even three options proposed by the dictionary concerning the value
of a word in a specific text, taking in account the context of this word (that
is, the phrase and/or the narration).
The third step consist in collecting
the words. DLA, as the other dictionaries, used a mixed way: 1) deriving words
from the concepts (i.e., for PHG, words linked with the beauty, and for A1,
words that expresses vengeance, revenge, complot, offense, etc.), 2) studying
texts in which certain scene is clearly prevalent (for example, the situation
of routine, as manifestation of PHU, allows to detect words as “used to”,
“almost”, “prudence”, “ambition”, “dignity”, “friendship”, etc.), 3) appealing
to judges and advisers, 4) consulting (with criticism) synonymous dictionaries.
The DLA dictionary was constructed using all those ways.
2. Current state of the dictionary
Actually, the dictionary is formed
by seven archives, one for each language of eroticism. In each archive there
are unities composed by: 1) fragments of words, 2) words, 3) groups of words
(for example, composed forms of verbs). The totality of the archives include
more or less 620.000 words, belonging to approximately 5.000 radicals.
Each archive has a different number
of words, and consequently a major or minor sensibility for detecting the
corresponding language in the speech. A calibration system was proposed to
equilibrate this differences:
|
IL |
1.58 |
|
O1 |
2.82 |
|
O2 |
2.10 |
|
A1 |
1.50 |
|
A2 |
1.00 |
|
UPH |
1.55 |
|
GPH |
1.07 |
When a text is analyzed, the program
has at least eight functions: 1) it
distributes the detected terms in columns corresponding to each language of
eroticism, 2) it describes the grammatical features of the detected words, 3)
it mentions which words have been detected and which not, 4) it presents to the
user the different options of erogenous interpretation that the dictionary
proposes for some word and it questions the user about the election among them:
several, all, or none, 5) it transmits the quantity of terms of the whole text,
those whom it is sensitive and those which appears in each of the columns, 6)
it proposes a quantitative value for each term detected, as corresponding to a
calibration index, 7) it brings a panorama of erogenous signification (the
program has a different color for each language of eroticism) in a determined text,
8) it eliminates certain opinions expressed in each column, which corresponds
to those terms that more often require a critical examination.
The functions 1,2,4,6 and 7 have
importance in the studies more interactive and handcrafted. Other combination
of functions (1,3,5,6, 7 and 8) is useful when automatic analysis is required.
The researchers also carried out
tests in order to detect if all the languages of eroticism has prevalence in a
text or if some of them is not
registered in all their value by the program. It was verified that all
of them have had, in some study, the pole position regarding statistic
prevalence.
Example of function 1:
|
IL: 3 |
O1: 11 |
O2: 2 |
A1: 4 |
A2: 21 |
UPH: 4 |
GPH: 10 |
|
Value: 4.8 |
Value: 30.8 |
Value: 4.2 |
Value: 6 |
Value: 21 |
Value: 6.4 |
Value: 12 |
|
para |
pregunta |
para |
gobierno |
segundo |
hoy |
una |
|
reproducción |
mente |
darán |
protestas |
gobierno |
pregunta |
mente |
|
violencia |
reproducción |
|
para |
pregunta |
hoy |
para |
|
|
nadie |
|
violencia |
mente |
cuando |
darán |
|
|
sepa |
|
|
resultado |
|
pavorosa |
|
|
ocurrió |
|
|
reproducción |
|
qué |
|
|
curiosidad |
|
|
no obstante |
|
realmente |
|
|
no |
|
|
sepa |
|
demuestre |
|
|
sepamos |
|
|
qué |
|
demasiada |
|
|
sabemos |
|
|
ocurrió |
|
exactamente |
|
|
no |
|
|
realmente |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
o |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
demuestre |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
curiosidad |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
sin embargo |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
sepamos |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
exactamente |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
responsable |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
sabemos |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
no |
|
|
Example of function 2:
|
Word |
Type of word |
Language |
|
hoy |
Adverbio |
Fálico Uretral |
|
es |
No encontrada |
No encontrada |
|
el |
No encontrada |
No encontrada |
|
segundo |
Adjetivo |
Anal Secundario |
|
aniversario |
No encontrada |
No encontrada |
|
de |
No encontrada |
No encontrada |
|
la |
No encontrada |
No encontrada |
|
caída |
No encontrada |
No encontrada |
|
del |
No encontrada |
No encontrada |
|
gobierno |
Verbo |
Anal Primario |
|
gobierno |
Verbo |
Anal Secundario |
|
de |
No encontrada |
No encontrada |
|
fernando |
No encontrada |
No encontrada |
|
de |
No encontrada |
No encontrada |
|
la |
No encontrada |
No encontrada |
|
rúa |
No encontrada |
No encontrada |
|
y |
No encontrada |
No encontrada |
Example of function 3:
hoy es el segundo
aniversario de la caída del gobierno de fernando de la rúa, y sólo hay una pregunta en la mente de la
mayoría de la gente: ¿las protestas piqueteras convocadas para este día darán por resultado alguna reproducción de la pavorosa violencia de ese penúltimo jueves del 2001? no
obstante, el aniversario de hoy se conmemora sin que nadie sepa aún qué ocurrió realmente ese día (o demuestre demasiada curiosidad por saberlo). sin
embargo, aun cuando no sepamos exactamente quiénes fueron los responsable, sí sabemos quiénes no lo fueron.
Example of function 4: It is a
sequence of actions with the program.
|
Example of function 5: Quantity of
words: 447 |
|
Words
detected : 167 - 37 % |
|
Quantity of
opinions: 222 - 49 % |
Example of function 6:
|
IL: 3 |
O1: 11 |
O2: 2 |
A1: 4 |
A2: 21 |
UPH: 4 |
GPH: 10 |
|
Value: 4.8 |
Value: 30.8 |
Value: 4.2 |
Value: 6 |
Value: 21 |
Value: 6.4 |
Value: 12 |
|
para |
pregunta |
para |
gobierno |
segundo |
hoy |
una |
|
reproducción |
mente |
darán |
protestas |
gobierno |
pregunta |
mente |
Example of function 7:
Eliminated IL O1 O1 A1 A2 UPH UPG
See
the example of function 3. The color of each word indicates that it is the
member of a specific language.
Example of function 8:
|
IL: 2 |
O1: 11 |
O2: 1 |
A1: 3 |
A2: 21 |
UPH: 4 |
GPH 8 |
|
Valor: 3.2 |
Valor: 30.8 |
Valor: 2.1 |
Valor: 4.5 |
Valor: 21 |
Valor: 6.4 |
Valor: 9.6 |
|
reproducción |
pregunta |
darán |
gobierno |
segundo |
hoy |
mente |
|
violencia |
mente |
|
protestas |
gobierno |
pregunta |
darán |
|
|
reproducción |
|
violencia |
pregunta |
hoy |
pavorosa |
|
|
nadie |
|
|
mente |
cuando |
qué |
|
|
sepa |
|
|
resultado |
|
realmente |
|
|
ocurrió |
|
|
reproducción |
|
demuestre |
|
|
curiosidad |
|
|
no obstante |
|
demasiada |
|
|
no |
|
|
sepa |
|
exactamente |
|
|
sepamos |
|
|
qué |
|
|
|
|
sabemos |
|
|
ocurrió |
|
|
|
|
no |
|
|
realmente |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
o |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
demuestre |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
curiosidad |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
sin embargo |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
sepamos |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
exactamente |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
responsable |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
sabemos |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
no |
|
|
Note: Compare with the analysis of
example of function 1.
3. Usefulness, strategies of employ, presentation of the results
The use of the dictionary of DLA can: 1) advance the results using the other tools (see examples 1, 2 and 3, below, in part III), 2) allows the criticism of the results of the other tools of DLA, 3) bring an overlook of a very extended material (see example 4, below).
The best option for the analysis
with the dictionary consists in mixing the two strategies: the interactive and
the automatic ones. The complete text can be analyzed automatically, and some
selected fragments (the beginning, the last part and certain specific
intermediate sections, considered relevant by the researcher), interactively
(see example 5, below, in part III). The combination of both strategies allows
to contrast the results and offer the opportunity of adding some new words
(detected as expression of a specific language during the interactive analysis)
to some archive of the dictionary.
The results of the analysis with the
dictionaries can be presented usually as lines of flux differentiated for each
concept. The DLA dictionary results can be presented too by this way, but,
because of its connection with other two tools (for the analysis of phrases and
narrations), it can be shown as percentages that indicates the relevance of
some group of languages and its eventual changes in other fragments. This
option is derived from the fact that usually the unity of the analysis of the
research is not the word itself but the phrase or the narration, and the DLA
dictionary analyzes the same text than the tools for the study of the phrase or
the narration. If not, it is not possible to compare the results of the
respective studies.
4. Systematic use of contextual investigation
on the meaning of the words: the problem of O1
The
researcher can use the contextual analysis of the words (interactively) for
testing the results of automatic research. Some words requires a special
attention because of its multiple meanings. For example, “como” is a conjugated
verb (“I eat”), a comparative term (“like”), an explicative one (“as you don’t
answered me, I remained sad”), etc. Functioning as a verb, “como” corresponds
to IL and O2; used as preposition, “como” corresponds specially to A2 and GPH.
The dictionary has a function that informs if the word detected an recognized
as a member of one concept is a verb, a preposition, etc. If the researcher
read that “como” is used as a verb, he has to decide only between two options
(IL and O2), etc.
The same occurs with “una”, that is
a conjugated form of the verb “unir” (“gather”), but more usually appears as an
article (“a”). As article don’t belong to any concept, but the dictionary
detects it as a verb in GPH. Nevertheless, usually the opinion of the dictionary
is not correct, because more frequently the term that appears in the text is an
article, not a verb.
When the researcher want to advance
quickly, avoiding the interactive strategy, he can use a function (the 8th)
of the program that allows to eliminate all this more problematic opinions. If
not, he have to decide what to do with each one of those problematic words.
Nevertheless, the differences between both results (the interactive and
automatic ones) is more or less 1%. Besides, the interactive analysis allows to
detect some composed words that the program cannot perceive (for example,
“golpearlo” = “golpear” + “lo”; “golpear” is usually an expression of A1, and
“golpearlo”, that means “beat him”, too). This additions and rectification
changes less than 1 % the results of the analysis.
But the most important value of the
analysis of the words–in-context with DLA dictionary corresponds to a different
field, linked with the decision concerning on the results of O1 an A2
languages. Usually each word has multiple meanings, that are restricted by the
context. Frequently all the meaning that the DLA dictionary proposes for each
word should be accepted. But in certain situations the researcher have
necessarily to choice, specially concerning on O1 language. This language
includes terms linked with thinking and other intellectual activities. The same
happens with A2 language. The difference is that O1 refers to an abstract,
perhaps mystic thinking, that can even reject the reality tests, and A2 refers
to a concrete thinking and traditional knowledge. Usually the person who
prefers O1 tries to refuse A2, as an opponent to be convinced, even destroyed.
The files of the program of O1 has a great quantity of words in common with the
file of A2. So, studying the text the researcher must to decide if both
languages are copresents. Because of the high value given by the calibration
process, frequently O1 occupied the pole position from the statistical point of
view. But this evaluation can be incorrect: perhaps O1 don’t appear expressed
in the other two levels, neither in narration nor in scenes, and all the words
detected as members of O1 are coincident with words detected as members of A2.
If O1 don’t have specific words (not coincident with A2), like telekinesis, astronaut,
miracle, revelation, mysticism, genius, etc., and if in the levels of scenes
(phrases and narration) don’t appear equivalents (like the scene of mystic
revelation, or the scene of the emergence of an extraordinary idea in the mind
of an adolescent genius), the opinions concerning on O1 in the level of the
words have to be rejected In this case, the decision depends on two combined
facts: 1) the absence of specific words, representing O1, differentiated from
A2, 2) the absence of phrases and narrations expressing O1.
5. Criticisms and limitations
The
computerized dictionaries received general criticism:
1) the tool ignores the relevance of the
semantic value of the words because of their insertion in a specific contexts
(phrase, etc.) The DLA dictionary tries to deal with this criticism taking in
account more than one semantic value for the words and offering to the
researcher a complementary interactive function that allows him to see the
context of the phrase for each word investigated.
2) the tool cannot analyze metaphors and other semantic rhetorical resources. But the phrase “the pearls of your mouth” (that contents an old metaphor) can be analyzed in its textual value: “pearl” is detected as a jewel (GPH language), and “mouth” is detected too. What the dictionary cannot perceive is that the word “pearl” has a metaphoric value. But this kind of analysis belongs to the phrase level, not to the word one. And in the phrase level, the corresponding grid has some items that can guide the researcher.
3) the tool cannot detect slang uses of the
words and some historical changes of the meaning of the terms. But the terms
don’t change so fast (if not, in an extreme situation neither I can write this
phrase nor my reader understand it). In fact the same criticism is valid for
all type of dictionary. And the slang and regional meanings of certain words
can be investigated using the interactive function of DLA dictionary. In all
idioms cocaine has vernacular names, that the dictionary cannot detect; but if
the researcher asks the dictionary for the semantic value of cocaine he can
find it (mostly IL). He need just to add to the slang word the same semantic
value that the dictionary proposes for the “official” word, like cocaine.
Besides,
the results obtained with the DLA dictionary allows the researcher to detect
what languages prevails, but not which of them has a logical dominance. The
Sentence I: “I prefer to exhibit myself nicer and to receive gifts, but I have
to clean the library” has the same words than
the Sentence II: “I have to clean the library but I prefer to exhibit
myself nicer and to receive gifts”. The dictionary detect that “I prefer to
exhibit myself nice and to receive gifts” has a great dominance of GPH, and
that in “but I have to clean the library” A2 prevails. Perhaps statically
speaking GPH is dominant in the level of words, but in the level of the phrases
the results of the analysis has nuances: in the Sentence I, A2 prevails, in the
Sentence II, GHP. The statistical prevalence of some kind of results of the
analysis of the word needs to be contrasted with the results of the analysis of
the narration and of the phrase. Nevertheless, the statistical analysis of the
words usually has a strong influence in the decisions concerning on the dominance
of certain languages over the rest. Perhaps, the researcher concludes that the
Sentence I is an expression of a disphoric results for GPH language and of an
euphoric one for A2, and that in the sentence II the solution is the inverse.
But in the whole the researcher can detect that the most important language is
GPH (statistically dominant too in the level of words), and that usually those
prevalence includes a disphoric version (like in the phrase I). So, the results
of the analysis of the words enters in a complex relationship with the results
of the other two levels of the investigations.
III. Applications of DLA tools, mainly the dictionary
1. Journalist sections: A research
studied with the DLA dictionary different sections of the most important
newspaper of Buenos Aires, Clarin. The sections studied are: I)
foodways, II) society, III) economy, IV) gourmandize, V) police information,
VI) sports, VII) fashions, VIII) funeral notices, IX) political page of
opinion, X) international news, XI) computerized world.
The results of the analysis with the DLA
dictionary indicates similarities and differences among them:
I. Foodway II.
Society III. Economy IV. Gourmandize
1.
GPH 1. GPH 1. A2 1. GPH
2.
UPH 2. UPH 2. IL 2. A2
3.
O2 3. O2 3. GPH 3. UPH
V. Police VI.
Sports VII. Fashions VIII. Funeral notices
1.
UPH 1 / 2. GPH=UPH 1. GPH 1.
O2
2.
A2 3. A2 2. A2 2. UPH
3.
GPH 3.
UPH 3. A2
IX. Political page of opinion X. International news XI. Computational world
1.
A2 1.
A2 1. O1
2.
UPH 2. UPH
2. A2
3.
GPH 3.
O2 3. GPH
A contrast of those results with the
ones obtained analyzing the same sections of the other main Argentinean
newspapers can be interesting. In La Nación the results are:
I. Foodway II.
Society III. Economy IV. Gourmandize
1. GPH 1.
GPH 1. A2 1. GPH
2. O2 2.
UPH 2. O2 2. A2
3. UPH 3.
A2 3. GPH 3. UPH
V. Police VI.
Sports VII. Fashions VIII. Funeral notices
1. A2 1.
UPH 1. GPH 1. O2
2. O2 2.
O2 2. A2 2. UPH
3. UPH 3.
A2 3. UPH 3. IL
IX. Political page of opinion X. International news XI. Computational world
1.
A2 1.
A2 1. O1
2.
UPH 2.
UPH 2. A2
3.
O2 3.
GPH 3. GPH
It is possible to notice that, with the exception of the results of V (Sports), the first language detected for a section is the same in both newspapers.
I (Foodway) and II (Society) has the
same prevalence among the languages, and IV (Gourmandize) and VII (Fashions),
too. VIII (funeral notices) has a great difference from the rest of the
sections and II (Economic), IX (Political page of opinion) and X (International
news) has too the first language in common.
The research indicates that the
different sections of the newspaper can be categorized in three great groups:
1) those in which the first position is occupied by GPH (I, II, IV, VII), 2)
those in which the main position corresponds to A2 (III, IX and X), and 3)
those with a singular first position (V, VI, VIII and XI).
In the first group prevails the
promise, the offering of nice moments, etc.; in the second one, the objective
information is predominant. In the third one it is specially clear the
importance of the expression of the feelings (O2) in VIII, and of the abstract
thinking (O1) in XI.
Other
research studies the results of the analysis with DLA program applied to the
same section (political pages of opinion) in four newspapers of the same day.
The newspapers are: La Nación, Clarín, Página 12 and Buenos
Aires Herald. The analysis of the recent texts shows the same results of
all of them: 1. A2, 2. UPH, 3. GPH or O2. The Buenos Aires Herald page
has two versions: English and Spanish, and the rest of this newspaper is
written only in English.
Those results of the analysis with
the program in the words level are coincident with the results of the analysis
in the level of the phrase and specially of the narration. The writer puts in
evidence the same conception of space, group, values, weltanschauung in
the narration’s scene, that it can be
inferred in the analysis of the words. So, the coincidences among those
results conduces to infer that the same sections in different newspapers has
certain features in common, from the point of view of the languages, concerning
on the representation of the values, groups, space, weltanschauung. Nevertheless,
sometimes certain themes imposed a specific change in the results of the
analysis. For example, in the middle of 2001, during a month, the author of the
political page of opinion of Página 12 devoted his attention on economic
questions. So, the result of the analysis was different from the ones of the
more recent texts.
June-July
2001 Dec.
2004
1.
A2 1.
A2
2.
IL 2.
UPH
3.
O2 or
UPH 3.
GPH
It is possible to infer that each
section of the newspaper has an internal code, derived from a implicit social
contract among writers and readers. The second ones expects to find some kind
of style, and the first ones displays those style, that the internal criticisms
of the reviewers of the newspaper controls and supervises. Some stylistic
variation are admitted depending on the themes touched and perhaps on some
other conditions (for example, the supposed social feelings of the readers).
Besides, considering the sensibility
of the DLA dictionary applied to the different sections, it is possible to
notice that the program detect about 35% in nine of the parts. Only funeral
notices and sports has less than those percentages. The use of sportive terms
(almost a slang vocabulary) and names in the sport section, and the prevalence
of names of the hommaged death person, etc., in the funeral notices’ section
can explain those diminution in the percentage of the DLA sensibility.
2. Bank’s employees: During the begging
of 2002, social protest in Buenos Aires puts the accent in the economic
situation. The banks were under constant pressure because of the difficulty for
the clients recovery of their money. The bank’s employees were in the line of
fire: they received the attacks of the public, and they suffered from the risk
of being unemployed, because of the economic restrictions in the Argentinean
economy. In this moment, a research was developed aiming to know about thinking
and feeling of this group-in-risk of workers. They have to answer briefly (just
a short group of phrases for each question) an anonymous questionnaire. The
analysis with the dictionary shows considerable differences among the answers,
and only a feature in common: the surprisingly low performance of A1, that
usually is an expression of feelings of injustice and the aims to repair this situation.
In its place has a great relevance the argument centered in the representation
of the bank as a family, the privilege of the affective dependence and the
sacrifice based in the feeling of belonging, etc.; that is, the answers
emphasized O2, instead A1.
One
year later, the human resources area of one bank noticed that the most
important psycho-social problems that originates difficulties in the work among
the employees (in different status of the organization) were the feeling of
injustice mixed with impotence. The research team inferred that the previously
not apparent feelings returned increased when the social and economic situation
of the country (and of the banks) recovered a better condition, and that those
feelings received a strong impulse during the critical period of 2002. During
the psychosocial interviews, a great quantity of interviewed (with difficulties
in the usual functioning in their work) reported that was during those time
when the present problem was originated (Cantis, 2003). In Dec 2003 the social
protests of the bank’s employees (demanding better salaries, etc.) clashes and
occupied too the streets.
3. Symbolic richness: It is supposed
that the richness of the symbolic capacity prevents against psychosomatic
diseases and other problems of the same range. A research was designed to
investigate the symbolic resources available in 20 psoriatic patients. The
sample was unified concerning age, working status, type of treatment (nobody
psychotherapy), etc. Each interviewed was asked to display little narrations
seeing a very structured material, the Objectal Relationship Test, which has
some designs representing human scenes and a white page too. The researcher
choiced four narrations answering to very different scenes showed, including
the white page. She classified those answers in three groups, taking in account
the quantity of words employed by each interviewed. She noted that the major
quantity of words, the less serious state of the psoriatic disease. She
selected then one member of each three groups (the richer, the lower, and the
middle ones). Analyzing those narrations with the DLA dictionary she discovered
that while in the discursive manifestation of the richer interviewed all the
seven languages were used, in the discourse of the middle and specially of the
lower ones some language hadn’t manifestations. Besides, in the interview the
impoverishment of the language increased when the interviewed passed from the
narration answering to the first scene to the narration answering to the
posterior one. The most impoverishment happened when the interviewed tried to
produce a narration in front of the white page. The researcher concluded that
the dictionary of DLA can be a useful instrument for detecting the symbolic
capacity and its variations in different contexts, clinical or not.
4. Erotic countertransference: Maria is
a young adult with a seductive and demostrative discourse (in the level of the
phrases), that is GPH, and narrations in which prevails the aim of vengeance
(A1); but, in the level of words, she shows a certain predominance of O2. Her
therapist (Santiago) has sometimes certain difficulties to arrive at an
adequate position for intervening. In other moment he find a good way and his
interventions are successful. A research compared Santiago’s intervention in
two moments of the same session (the forth). The analysis of the first moment
(Fragment A) puts in evidence that he had two different branches (strategies)
in his tree of decisions, and only one branch in a second moment (Fragment B).
|
Fragment A |
|
|
Sequence of interventions in Strategy I |
Sequence of interventions in Strategy II |
|
1) UPH (accompanying) |
1) UPH (accompanying) |
|
2) A2 (preparatory indication) |
2) A2 (preparatory indication) |
|
3) O2 (central intervention) |
3) A2 (central intervention) |
|
4) A2/UPH (doubts and disorientation): disphoric result |
4) A2: euphoric result |
|
|
|
|
Logical dominance: O2/A2/UPH |
Logical dominance: A2/UPH |
|
Sequence of interventions in Fragment B |
|
|
|
1) UPH (accompanying) |
|
2) A2 (preparatory indication) |
|
3) A2 (central intervention) |
|
|
|
Logical dominance: A2/UPH, coincident with
Strategy II |
That is, in his Strategy I Santiago
starts using UPH, then he passed to O2, etc., etc. The numbers indicates the
order in the sequence of his interventions. The Strategy I of the Fragment A of
Santiago’s tree of decisions was failed: Maria didn’t accept interventions
centered in O2 (the language in which she had, precisely, an absence of
scenes), and the therapist finished immersed in doubts (A2) and lack of orientation
(UPH). The second strategy of the Fragment I was successful. It is the same
strategy of the Fragment II. The results of the analysis of words of Santiago
with the dictionary has a strong coincidence with the results of the analysis
of the phrases:
|
Fragment A |
|
|
Strategy I |
Strategy II |
|
1. A2 |
1. FU |
|
2. O2 |
2. A2 |
|
3. FG |
3. FG |
|
4. FU |
4. O2 |
|
Fragment B |
|
1) FU |
|
2) A2 |
|
3) FG/O2 |
The researcher group hypothesized
that when the therapist took the way of his first option of his tree of
decisions (Strategy I) he is guided by his effort to protect himself against a
perturbing erotic countertransference, partially provoked by the combination
between seductive and vindicative discourse of María.
The study of 20 of the sessions of
the first year of treatment with the computerized program arrived at the
conclusion that O2 was always one of the two first languages in the therapist’s
discourse. In consequence, the research (Maldavsky, Alvarez, Neves, Roitman, Tate de Stanley,
2003) concluded that 1)
if the results of the phrase level of analysis continued being coincident with
the results of the words level one, and 2) if the interventions (centered in
O2), of the therapist continued being unsuccessful, 3) it is possible to infer
that he continues immersed in the perturbing effects of his erotic
countertransference.
A
second research was carried on a 6 months later session with another team (Maldavsky, Aguirre, Iusim,
Legaspi, Rodriguez Calo, 2003). This research concluded that the therapist continued giving a strong
value to O2 in his interventions. The team confirmed that those clinical
interventions were unsucessful. After finishing these session the therapist
recorded that he felt that his erotic countertransference almost disappears. In
those researches the analysis of the words with the dictionary has a predictory
value.
5. Translation: Could the investigation
concentrate on translated versions? A research was centered on a delusional
mystic book (Neuropathic memories, written by Schreber). The original
German text knows two translated Spanish versions. The two versions of a
chapter of that text (“On hallucinations”) was analyzed using the DLA
dictionary. The research mixed automatic and interactive strategies: both
versions of the whole of the chapter was analyzed automatically (about 3850
words), and the beginning and the last parts (about 500 words each),
interactively. The results of both studies showed very ittle differences:
Automatic analysis of the
whole
|
|
Difference |
|
IL |
0.85 |
|
O1 |
0.97 |
|
O2 |
0.41 |
|
A1 |
1.19 |
|
A2 |
0.52 |
|
UPH |
0.53 |
|
GPH |
1.21 |